Konversion og asyl

Apostasi, især fra islam, og efterfølgende konvertering til en anden religion (fx. kristendommen) kan i nogle lande indebære forfølgelse. Derfor indgår det som et element i de danske myndigheders behandling af asyl-sager.

Danske myndigheder og love

Afgørelser i Flygtningenævnet.
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Praksis i Flygtningenævnget vedr. religiøse forhold: Læs mere.
Hjemmelsgrundlaget for Flygtningenævnets arbejde: Læs mere.

Udlændingeloven (2011)
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Udlændingestyrelsen, Om visse forbrydelser og straffe i Iran.
Rapport fra fact finding mission til Teheran og Ankara januar 2005. Side 9-11indeholder et afsnit om "Konvertering fra islam til en anden religion". Læs mere.

Udlændingestyrelsen, Notat vedr. konvertering i Irak
Et fire siders notat fra 23. januar 2003. Læs mere.

Udlændingestyrelsen, Rapport fra fact finding mission til Iran
En længere rapport fra september 2000. Afsnit 5.3 handler om "Konvertitter". Læs mere.

International Law

UNHCR, "Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugeesText of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Text of the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Resolution 2198 (XXI) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly"
"No Contracting State shall expel or return (“refouler”) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, member- ship of a particular social group or political opinion" (Art. 33)
Download.

UNHCR, "Guidelines on International Protection: Religion-Based Refugee Claims under Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees" (April 28, 2004)
"UNHCR issues these Guidelines pursuant to its mandate, as contained in the 1950 Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in conjunction with Article 35 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and Article II of its 1967 Protocol. These Guidelines complement the UNHCR Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (1979, re- edited, Geneva, January 1992). They are informed, inter alia, by a roundtable organised by UNHCR and the Church World Service in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, in October 2002, as well as by an analysis of relevant State practice and international law.
These Guidelines are intended to provide interpretative legal guidance for governments, legal practitioners, decision-makers and the judiciary, as well as UNHCR staff carrying out refugee status determination in the field." Download.

Kirkelige initiativer

Folkekirkens Mellemkirkelige Råd: Projekt "Trosfrihed: Forfulgte Kristne"
Besøg hjemmesiden her.

Mikkelsen, Thomas Bjerg, "Brev til ministrene: Kristne konvertitter risikerer dødsstraf". Kristendom.dk, den 12. oktober 2011.
Brev skrevet på vegne af 17 kirkelige organisationer. Læs mere.

Mogensen, Mogens S. og Niels Nymann Eriksen, "Konvertitter kommer i klemme i det danske asylsystem".
Kronik i Kristeligt Dagblad, den 15. februar 2012. Download.

Vejledning om kirkers kontakt med og evt. dåb af muslimske asylansøgere
Vejledningen er udarbejdet af Stiftssamarbejdet Folkekirke og Religionsmøde og tiltrådt af flere kirker og organisationer. Læs mere.

Afghanistan

Asylum and Immigration Tribunal NM (Christian Converts) Afghanistan CG [2009] UKAIT 00045
Heard at Field House On 5 December 2008. THE IMMIGRATION ACTS. Before SENIOR IMMIGRATION JUDGE WAUMSLEY SENIOR IMMIGRATION JUDGE NICHOLS MRS W JORDAN. Between NM and THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT
The UK Asylum and Immigration Tribunal held that a Christian convert from Islam would be at real risk of serious ill-treatment amounting to persecution on return to Afghanistan. Download.

Dansk Flygtningehjælp, Afghanistan.
Rapport fra Dansk Flygtningehjælp om Afghanistan fra december 2004. Afsnit 3,7 handler om religionsfrihed og konvertering. Læs mere.

Dansk Flygtningehjælp, Afghanistan (2011)
S. 13-14, 14, 24-25, 38-39. Download.

Katzman, Kenneth, "Afghanistan: Politics, Elections, and Government Performance". Congressional Research Service, November 8, 2011.
"Several conversion cases have earned international attention. An Afghan man, Abd al-Rahman, who had converted to Christianity 16 years ago while working for a Christian aid group in Pakistan, was imprisoned and faced a potential death penalty trial for apostasy—his refusal to convert back to Islam. Facing international pressure, Karzai prevailed on Kabul court authorities to release him (March 29, 2006). His release came the same day the House passed H.Res. 736 calling on protections for Afghan converts. In May 2010, the Afghan government suspended the operations of two Christian-affiliated international relief groups claiming the groups were attempting to promote Christianity among Afghans—an assertion denied by the groups (Church World Service and Norwegian Church Aid). Another case arose in May 2010, when an amputee, Said Musa, was imprisoned for converting to Christianity from Islam, an offense under Afghan law that leaves it open for Afghan courts to apply a death sentence under Islamic law (Shariah). The arrest came days after the local Noorin TV station broadcast a show on Afghan Christians engaging in their rituals. Following diplomatic engagement by governments and human rights groups, Musa was quietly released from prison on February 24, 2011, and reportedly went to Italy, where he is seeking asylum" (pp. 50-51). Download.

Migrationsverket, Afghanistan 2009 (2010)
"De eventuella konvertiter från islam till kristendom som skulle förekomma, och som inte frivilligt lämnar kristendomen för återgång till islam efter samtal med muslimska rättslärda, skulle löpa en överhängande risk för allvarliga repressalier eller t.o.m. att dödas i Afghanistan" (p. 35). Download.

UK Border Agency, "Operational Guidance Note. Afghanistan" March 2011
"Conclusion Christian converts from Islam are in general at real risk of persecution in Afghanistan. Given the Afghan state’s position on apostasy, Christian converts will not be able to access sufficient protection anywhere in Afghanistan and internal relocation should not be relied upon. Genuine Christian converts should therefore be granted asylum unless, exceptionally, there is clear evidence why a particular individual would not be at risk. T.he onus remains on the claimant to establish that they are a genuine Christian convert" (p.9). Download.

UNHCR eligibility guidelines for assessiing the international protection needs of asylum-seekers from Afghanistan
See pp. 18-20. Download.

UNHCR,USCIRF Annual Report 2011 - The Commission's Watch List: Afghanistan
"The few Afghan Christians, converts from Islam or their children, have long been forced to conceal their faith and are unable to worship openly. The situation for Christians deteriorated further in the past year, after a May 2010 broadcast by Noorin TV showed Afghans being baptized. This broadcast set off a firestorm of criticism from the conservative religious establishment, and President Karzai then stated that his ministries would track down converts. Reportedly, 20 individuals were arrested. All were released soon after, except Said Musa. Musa was detained in a Kabul prison for six months before being quietly released due to U.S. and international pressure. Musa was reported to have fled the country with his family. After the May television broadcast, the Afghan government also suspended the operations of two Christian relief groups on charges of proselytizing. Both groups rejected these assertions and reportedly have been allowed to continue their work in the country. Shoaib Assadullah was arrested in late October 2010 and was been imprisoned in Mazar-i-Sharif for six months, after being accused of giving a Bible to a friend." (p. 5).

United States Department of State, July-December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report - Afghanistan, 13 September 2011
Download.

Iran

Denne sektion er under opbygning.